In recent decades, scholars have proposed different methods to distinguish between original images and forgery images, which are divided into active forensics and passive forensics. Active forensics techniques have the advantages of strong detection ability and are not easy to be avoided. However, in active forensics techniques, the verification information needs to be inserted into carrier images before distribution, which decreases the quality of images. Passive forensics techniques are used to verify the authenticity by analyzing the information and structure of images, which overcome the defects of active forensics techniques. There are mainly two forgeries to alter the content of images: splicing and copy-move. Splicing forgery is a way to copy and paste a part of an image into another image. Copy-move forgery is a way to copy and paste a part of an image into the same image. © 2023 Author(s).