MIT-World Peace University (MIT-WPU) is a top educational institute located in Pune, India. It is recognized within&nbsp;UGC under Government of Maharashtra Act No. XXXV 2017.&nbsp;

It is part of the MIT group of institutions (established in 1983) which covers 10+ campuses across India and has more than 50,000+ students enrolled across various disciplines at a given point of time. The institute houses 15 schools ranging from Engineering &amp; Technology, Design, Pharmacy, Commerce, Governance among others. It offers undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD programs among different disciplines.&nbsp;

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MIT World Peace University

Seepage is the phenomenon of water infiltrating through a gravity dam's foundation, causing erosion and weakening the dam's construction over time. If not properly managed, this can eventually lead to the dam's catastrophic failure, posing a significant danger to public safety and the environment. As a result, precise seepage prediction in gravity dams is essential for ensuring their safety and stability. This review paper looks at the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for predicting seepage in gravity dams, as well as the challenges and possible solutions. The paper identifies and suggests potential solutions to the challenges connected with using AI for seepage prediction, such as data quality and model interpretability. The paper also covers future research paths, such as the creation of advanced machine learning algorithms and the improvement of data collection and processing. Overall, this review gives insight on the current state of the art in using AI to predict gravity dam seepage and recommends methods to improve the accuracy and reliability of such models. © 2023 The Authors.

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School of Civil Engineering

Engineering and Technology

Aqua Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society

A review of artificial intelligence methods for predicting gravity dam seepage, challenges and way-out

Most of the past studies related to recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) dealt with only coarse RCA (CRCA), while there were many hesitations regarding incorporation of fine RCA (FRCA) into concrete. Therefore, the present study analyses the compatibility of FRCA with coarse natural aggregates (CNA) and CRCA based on their combined influence on concrete. In this study, the original concrete (produced on-site and tested in the laboratory) was broken down to 50–70 mm with a hand hammer, followed by more size reduction using a jaw crusher (maximum size∼25 mm). Further, they were graded into CRCA and FRCA as per IS 383. FRCA was used directly in concrete, but CRCA was ground further in an abrasion machine. 30%, 60% and 100% FRCA (as a replacement of fine natural aggregates (FNA) by volume) were utilised either with 100% CNA or 100% CRCA to study their effect on fresh properties (workability and density), mechanical properties (compressive, flexural and split tensile strength) and durability properties (water permeability and carbonation) of concrete. The properties of recycled concrete were mostly inferior to conventional concrete at each curing age (except for 90 days compressive strength of concrete incorporated with 30% FRCA). However, the performance gap between conventional and recycled concrete was reduced with an increase in curing age. The recycled concrete containing three different combinations of FRCA and CRCA (0% and 100%, 30% and 0%, 30% and 100%) satisfied IS 10262's target compressive strength criteria for M30 grade concrete. The density of RCA affected the concrete properties more than its water absorption. Also, the water permeability of recycled concrete (followed by its carbonation depth and compressive strength) was most influenced by incorporation of RCA. Conclusively, it was found that FRCA is more compatible with CNA at 30% FNA replacement and with CRCA at 60% and 100% FNA replacement. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

Journal of Building Engineering

Effects of recycled fine aggregates on properties of concrete containing natural or recycled coarse aggregates: A comparative study

Over the years, supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) have been successfully utilized in concrete buildings, but they have been rarely exploited in concrete pavements. In recent years, due to the growing importance of concrete pavements, researchers have begun studying the performance of various types of SCMs from pavement perspective. The overview herein assesses the existing research associated with utilizing different kinds of silica-rich waste as SCM. For this purpose, five agricultural waste (AW) comprising rice husk ash (RHA), rice straw ash (RSA), corn cob ash (CCA), palm oil fuel ash (POFA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and three industrial by-products (IB), i.e., fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and microsilica (MS), were selected. Their effects on various properties of concrete were exhaustively reviewed. This study also furnishes reasons for limited literature on SCMs utilization in concrete pavements. Moreover, this review accentuates the previous studies’ gaps, which require further research, such as the need for dedicated standard codes for AW utilization in concrete pavements. The guidance for future research to further enhance the properties of pavement quality concrete is also given. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Utilization of agricultural and industrial waste as replacement of cement in pavement quality concrete: a review

Apart from aiding the environment, exploitation of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a potential substitute for natural aggregates (NA) contributes to a framework of sustainable development as well as helps in maintaining an ecological balance by avoiding fast depletion of natural resources of aggregates. Therefore, in this investigation, the effects of mechanical beneficiation and lime treatment of coarse RCA on various properties of concrete were studied. The demolished concrete was crushed by hammer in size range of 25–4.75 mm, followed by grinding for 3, 5 and 8 min. It was found that 5 min of grinding was more effective based on the degree of success in the optimum removal of adhered mortar. Further, RCA ground for 5 min (MRCA) was graded into two different nominal sizes of 20 mm and 10 mm as per IS 383. Subsequently, MRCA was immersed in a lime solution of concentration varying from 1 N to 2.5 N for 3 and 7 days. These aggregates were termed as ‘LMRCA’. MRCA and LMRCA were used for partial replacement of coarse NA in M40 grade concrete at the rate of 10% up to 40% by weight. Various tests like compressive and flexural strength test and water absorption tests were performed. It was found that up to 30% NA can be replaced by MRCA or LMRCA in recycled aggregate concrete. But, the concrete admixed with LMRCA showed better properties than the concrete admixed with MRCA. Moreover, these experimental results were verified by employing microstructural and mineralogical analysis. In concrete admixed with LMRCA, the normality of lime solution was more dominant than the duration of LMRCA immersion in a lime solution. Also, the improvement in strength and water absorption of concrete admixed with LMRCA was proportional to the normality of lime solution. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

Construction and Building Materials

Sustainable production of recycled concrete aggregates by lime treatment and mechanical abrasion for M40 grade concrete

This study investigated the potential of rice straw ash (RSA) (produced from open-air burning of rice straw) and microsilica (MS) as a pozzolan in rigid pavements. Proportions of RSA (5%–30%), MS (2.5%–10%) and combination of RSA (5%, 10%) + MS (5%, 7.5%) by weight of OPC in the paste and mortar were studied. Various tests like normal consistency, setting time, soundness and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed on the cementitious paste. It was observed that the admixing of MS did not affect the setting times and soundness of the cement paste but increased the normal consistency while admixing of RSA remarkably increased all of them. It was also found that OPC can be replaced by RSA up to 10% and by MS up to 7.5% in mortar without any loss of compressive strength. In the assessment of mechanical strengths of concrete, it was found that RSA and MS increase various strengths of concrete up to 7% and up to 24%, respectively. Furthermore, these results were validated by XRD and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. In the evaluation of durability properties of concrete, it was observed that MS and RSA significantly increase the defense mechanism of concrete to water absorption, chloride ion penetration, acid attack and accelerated carbonation curing (ACC). The design thickness of the concrete slab of the selective concrete mixes was computed as per structural design in accordance with IRC 58:2015. The cost comparison was made on the basis of the total cost of 1 m3 of concrete and the total cost of constructing 1 km of 4 lane National Highway (NH) (one-way carriageway). The admixing of 10% RSA reduces the slab thickness by 11%, cost of 1 m3 of concrete by 3% and cost of constructing NH by 14%. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

A comprehensive investigation on application of microsilica and rice straw ash in rigid pavement

In this research, the effects of the acidic environment and accelerated carbonation curing (ACC) on concrete admixed with rice straw ash (RSA), microsilica (MS) and combination of both were evaluated. The loss of mass and compressive strength of concrete admixed with RSA and MS were observed at 28 and 365 days of water curing followed by 30 days of immersion in two acidic solutions of 2.5% concentration, i.e., hydrochloric (HCl) and sulphuric (H2SO4) acid. The least loss of mass and compressive strength under acidic environment were observed in concrete admixed with a combination of 10% RSA and 5% MS (mix R2M3). The percentage loss of compressive strength (compared to strength at 58 days of water curing) and percentage loss of mass (compared to initial mass before acidic immersion) of mix R2M3 at 28 days of water curing were 3.69% and 2.19% respectively under HCl immersion and 1.81% and 1.27% respectively under H2SO4 immersion. The corrosive impact of HCl on concrete was higher as compared to H2SO4. The characterization of concrete mixtures after acidic immersion was performed using XRD and SEM analysis. The mechanical strength and carbonation depth of concrete admixed with RSA and MS were observed at 28 days of combined curing (14 days of water curing, 14 days of ACC). The maximum increase in the strength of concrete at 28 days of combined curing as compared to 28 days of water curing was found in mix R2M3. Also, the carbonation depth was highest in mix R2M3 (17 mm). © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

Investigation on the effects of acidic environment and accelerated carbonation on concrete admixed with rice straw ash and microsilica

In the original published version of this article, an error was present in "Table 1: Phase composition of cement, rice straw ash and microsilica". The values pertaining to percentage amount of SiO2, CaO and MgO in cement were incorrect. The correct values are 20.34, 62.16 and 0.79 respectively. The authors apologize for the mistake. A corrected Table 1 is displayed below. This correction does not, in any way, compromise the findings of the study, either in terms of the methodology, results, or interpretations drawn from the data therein. Both the HTML and PDF versions of the article have been updated to correct the error. © 2019 The Author(s)

Heliyon

Corrigendum to “Evaluation of water absorption and chloride ion penetration of rice straw ash and microsilica admixed pavement quality concrete” [Heliyon 5 (8) (August 2019) e02256](S240584401935916X)(10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02256)

The primary objective of this research was to compare the effect of partial replacement of OPC with Rice straw ash, microsilica and their composite on the compressive strength of cement mortar. High range water reducer (HRWR) was also used to compensate for the decreased workability due to an increase in the overall surface area of the cementitious material. Its dosage for the different mix was decided by the Marsh Cone Test. Different proportion of rice straw ash and microsilica used for part replacement of OPC in the mortar were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25% and 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10% by weight of OPC respectively. The compressive strength of the mortar cubes of various proportions was determined after 3, 7, 28, 60, 90 and 365 days of curing in water. It was observed that the highest pozzolanic reaction could be achieved by mix R1M3 thus leading to increased compressive strength while the mix R2M3 could achieve both economy and relatively increased compressive strength. © BEIESP.

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering

Investigating the performance of cement mortar containing rice straw ash, microsilica and their composite by compressive strength

The objective of this study was to examine pastes in order to check the possibility of utilizing unprocessed rice straw ash with or without micro silica in Pavement Quality Concrete. Physical (SEM, XRD, Specific Gravity etc.) & chemical properties (XRF) of materials used were analyzed. Different proportions of OPC, RSA & Micro silica were researched for normal consistency, initial and final setting time of paste etc. Different proportion of rice straw ash and microsilica used for part replacement of OPC in the cement paste were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30% and 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10% by weight of OPC respectively. Rice straw ash was also mixed with micro silica to form a composite for replacing OPC in the mix. Mix R1M3 (5% Rice Straw Ash & 7.5% Micro Silica) could achieve highest pozzolanic reaction while mix R2M3 (10% Rice Straw Ash & 7.5% Micro Silica) could achieve maximum economy. In India, Rice Straw is produced in abundance and has extensive geographical coverage. Rice Straw Ash is technically of no use to farmers, and they treat it as a waste product. They tend to burn rice straw in order to clear their field for the next batch of crop. In this paper, rice straw admixed with micro silica is treated as a potential material for pavement construction, and various preliminary tests were done on cement-rice straw ash-micro silica paste to check the possibility of using rice straw ash in pavement quality concrete. © BEIESP.

Preliminary study of cement paste admixed with rice straw ash, microsilica &amp; rice straw ash-microsilica composite

This research deals with improvement in the mechanical strength of Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) when admixed with Rice Straw Ash (RSA) and Microsilica (MS). Nine mixes were prepared by partially substituting Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by MS (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%), RSA (10%) and RSA-MS composite (5%–5%, 5%–7.5%, 10%–5% and 10%–7.5%). Maximum improvement was found when OPC was partially replaced by 7.5% in the case of MS and 5%–7.5% in case of RSA-MS composite. All the mix showed increased strength, w.r.t the control mix. X-Ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques were employed for characterization of the selected samples. Power regression equations were established to predict split tensile and flexural strength from compressive strength. They were compared with universally accepted equations and were found to be more accurate for RSA and MS admixed concrete. Mix R1M3 (5% RSA, 7.5% MS) is recommended based on the findings. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

Effects of rice straw ash and micro silica on mechanical properties of pavement quality concrete

The effects of rice straw ash (RSA) and microsilica (MS) on durability properties (water absorption and chloride ion penetration) of M40 grade Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) were studied. Ten concrete samples were prepared by partially substituting cement with RSA and MS in various proportions. A significant reduction was observed in the water absorption and chloride ion penetration in concrete samples with an increase in the curing age as well as with an increase in the proportion of MS and RSA. The maximum reduction in water absorption and chloride ion penetration was observed in R2M3 (10% RSA and 7.5% MS) as compared to control concrete (R0). The analytical relationships were developed between the above-mentioned parameters and curing age of concrete. A linear equation was established between the initial and secondary rate of water absorption of concrete and also between the chloride ion penetration of concrete at 10–20 mm and 25–35 mm depth. Both these equations were applicable to all the concrete samples of this study. Predictive charts were generated between the above-mentioned parameters and days of curing in water. © 2019 The Authors