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MIT World Peace University

Engineering and Technology

Our experimental observations show that certain dyes when incorporated in solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) can serve as an excellent candidates for optical humidity sensing. Crystal violet (CV) have been incorporated in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/H3PO4, which is known to be a SPE and a good proton conductor. Films of PVA/H3PO4 containing CV dye have been studied for use in optical humidity sensing and the interesting results have been discussed here in this paper. We have also tried to give a mechanism for the changes observed in the optical properties of such films by the variation of humidity. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

World University root node

School of Polymer Engineering

Organic Electronics

Novel dye + solid polymer electrolyte material for optical humidity sensing

The mechanical properties viz. impact and tensile modulus of hybrid composites of PP/SBS/glass in the composition range 0-40 wt% of glass fibers (GF) were studied. Both impact and tensile modulus increased with respect to glass content at a certain composition of the blend. Synergistic effects were seen in the value of elongation and toughness at a certain composition of the glass content. The above findings could be associated with the high aspect ratio and nucleation ability of GF together with good interfacial adhesion between the GF and SBS, rather than the PP matrix. These have been supported by the investigations on structures and morphologies of the hybrid composites.

Polymer Composites

Structure and properties of PP/SBS/glass fiber hybrid composites. Part II: Property measurement

<p>The structure and morphology in the meta-nitroaniline (MNA) dispersed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) guest/host system was investigated with respect to composition and different techniques of crystallization. Large changes in the intensities of various X-ray diffraction peaks were observed for both solution grown (SC) and melt crystallized (MC) MNA/PMMA composite films. However, in the former case, the peak corresponding to (060) reflection had maximum intensity, while in the latter, the peak corresponding to (112) reflection was most prominent. At low concentrations, the films appeared to be amorphous and transparent, but electron diffraction studies revealed small ordered domains. Both solution and melt grown MNA/PMMA films contained two types of crystallites having different structures: one having the original orthorhombic structure (a = 6.51 Å, b = 19.35 Å, c = 5.07 Å) of bulk MNA, while the other crystallized in new monoclinic phase with a = 13.0 Å, b = 19.35 Å, c = 10.15 Å, and β = 64°. The presence of the new structure that formed could be due to a formation of complex between PMMA and MNA. This complex formation and new structure was further confirmed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and infrared analysis (IR). © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1547–1557, 2001</p><h2>&nbsp;</h2>

Journal of Applied Polymer Science

Polymer mediated growth and morphology in MNA/PMMA guest/host microdispersed composites

This paper extends Wlodarcyzk's TLM multi-gridding-technique to the generalized one and two dimensional cases wherein the fine meshes can have different lengths and widths. The advantage is that it is no longer necessary to divide the problem space into separate 'coarse' and 'fine' regions which provides for considerable meshing flexibility. Equations describing the connection procedure for the SSCN are derived. Modelling of cross-talk between PCB tracks is implemented with this new method and the simulation results compared with experiments.

School of Electronics & Communication Engineering

IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest

Generalized multi-gridding technique for the TLM method using the symmetrical super-condensed node (SSCN)

The thermal degradation/stability of poly(o-phenitidine) doped with different sulfonic acids was investigated with the help of thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometer. Thermal decomposition behaviour was found to depend on the nature of dopant ion and the thermal stability was in the order of DBSA > CSA > PTSA. The dopant ion was found to dissociate prior to the main chain scission. These findings could be explained on the basis of strong coupling/complexation between the conducting polymer and the dopant as well as the stability of the individual dopant species. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Polymer Degradation and Stability

Effect of dopant ions on thermal stability of conducting poly(o-phenitidine)

The structure development, crystallization behavior and morphology were studied in hybrid composites made with polypropylene/styrene-butadiene-styrene (PP/SBS) containing glass fibers (GF). The techniques applied include optical polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The isothermal crystallization studies of PP/SBS/GF revealed that SBS as well as GF could act as good nucleating agents for PP. However, the nucleation efficiency of GF is much higher than that of the SBS. At high concentrations of SBS (> 30%), the crystallization rate decreases even in the presence of GF. This was attributed to the strong bonding between SBS and glass, giving rise to an intermediate layer of SBS between PP and GF, which was confirmed from the SEM of the fractured morphology of the injection molded hybrid composite. The orientation of GF was observed in the injection molded samples for certain compositions, and this was accompanied by an increase of intensities of particular diffraction peaks in the XRD.

Structure and properties of PP/SBS/glass fiber hybrid composites. Part I: Crystallization behavior and morphology

The effect of small concentration of dispersed prussian blue (PB) [in solid polymer electrolyte viz polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with phosphoric acid] on the photocurrents were studied (in wet state and in dry state of solid polymer electrolyte) in solid state photocells fabricated using conducting polypyrrole (PPy). These exhibit good photoresponse to visible light: photocurrents being 20 to 25 times greater than the dark currents depending upon the concentration of the sensitizer. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics in such cells reveals that the charge transport is mainly governed by the space charge effects and the sensitization effects are due to the lowering of the potential barrier formed at the polypyrrole (PPy)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) interface under photoexcitation. Also, sensitization effects were studied in the wet state and in dry state of solid polymer electrolyte (PVA). It has been observed that the moisture content in the solid polymer electrolyte reduces the photosensitivity factor (S = Il/Id, where Il is the light current and Id is the dark current), since it increases the ionic conductivity in the solid polymer electrolyte thereby increasing the dark current values which results in overall decrease in the photosensitivity factor (S). The importance of the other factors such as dye concentration, dye aggregation etc. have been explained on the basis of the experimental observations. The sensitization effects are explained on the basis of the energy band diagram of the materials forming the photocells.

Synthetic Metals

Effect of moisture (in solid polymer electrolyte) on the photosensitivity of conducting polypyrrole sensitized by prussian blue in solid-state photocells

The electrochromic response of conducting polypyrrole (PPy)/Prussian blue (PB) and conducting polyaniline (PANI)/Prussian blue (PB) composite films has been studied in different electrolytes such as KCl, LiClO4, K2SO4, KNO3, KI/I2, etc. by depositing the PB films on top of the conducting PPy and PANI films-all prepared by electrochemical methods. The results show that the use of PB on PPy and PANI not only yields high contrast but also extends the electrochromic response to a wider region of the visible spectrum, thus working as a sensitizer for improving the electrochromic response of the conducting PPy and PANI. These electrochromic films have been characterized by other physicochemical characterization techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, SEM, XPS, XRD, etc. The electrochromic behaviour of the PPy/PB composite system has been described in detail. Electrochromic display devices using solid polymer electrolytes, which are directly useful for commerical production of such devices are currently under study.

Acta Materialia

Study and development of conducting polymer-based electrochromic display devices

The mechanical properties viz.impact strength and tensile modulus of polypropylene (PP) containing two different types of calcium sulphate (prepared by in situ method under controlled conditions in a polymer matrix i.e. polyethylene oxide in the composition range 0-25 wt% of filler were studied. Increase of impact strength together with high crystallinity and improved tensile modulus was observed in one of the grades of CaSO4 filled composite as compared to pure PP. This could be associated with the long needle shaped CaSO4 crystals and the change in the structure and morphology induced by the same in the PP matrix.