MIT-World Peace University (MIT-WPU) is a top educational institute located in Pune, India. It is recognized within&nbsp;UGC under Government of Maharashtra Act No. XXXV 2017.&nbsp;

It is part of the MIT group of institutions (established in 1983) which covers 10+ campuses across India and has more than 50,000+ students enrolled across various disciplines at a given point of time. The institute houses 15 schools ranging from Engineering &amp; Technology, Design, Pharmacy, Commerce, Governance among others. It offers undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD programs among different disciplines.&nbsp;

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MIT World Peace University

School of Pharmacy

Brain function is one of the most distinctive and important aspects of human physiology. Chemical messengers, known as neurotransmitters, are involved in the conduction of signals by the nervous system. In 1921, Otto Löwi discovered that a chemical transmitter which he called ‘Vagusstoff’, released from vagal nerve terminals, decelerated the rate of heartbeats. This was later shown to be the action of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter of the central, as well as the peripheral, nervous system. The human body has specific receptors for acetylcholine (i.e., cholinergic receptors) through which acetylcholine produces a wide range of physiological effects. These physiological effects play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Alteration in the acetylcholine levels or modified receptor expression and function in specific parts of the nervous system are known to be responsible for various neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, apart from these traditional neurodegenerative diseases, the role of the extraneuronal cholinergic system has come to light in several serious diseases, including cancer, hypotension, and even diabetes. Understanding the basic principles of cholinergic neurotransmission is the first step in leveraging this system to combat such diseases. Hence, this chapter attempts to explain the working of the cholinergic system and its role in the pathophysiology of diseases. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Pharmacy

World University root node

Neurochemical Systems and Signaling: from Molecules to Networks

Cholinergic Neurotransmission

Piloheal cream is an Ayurvedic proprietary medicine claimed to be effective in the treatment of hemorrhoids. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the anti-hemorrhoidal activity of Piloheal cream against croton oil-induced hemorrhoids in rats. The hemorrhoids were induced by applying 3% croton oil preparation in the anorectal region. Rats were intrarectally administered with Piloheal cream, twice a day for 4 days. Hemorrhoids were assessed by measuring macroscopic parameters such as weight, area of mucosal damage, and the number of red thrombi of anorectal tissue along with histology of the tissue. Croton oil-induced hemorrhoids were prevented by treatment with Piloheal cream as indicated by the decrease in macroscopic and histological changes in Piloheal treated rats as compared to hemorrhoids-induced rats. It is concluded that Piloheal cream exhibits a beneficial effect on croton oil-induced hemorrhoids and is useful in the treatment of hemorrhoids. © 2023 Indian Drug Manufacturers' Association. All rights reserved.

Indian Drugs

ANTI-HEMORRHOIDAL ACTIVITY OF AYURVEDIC CREAM IN RATS

A simple stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the analysis of Adapalene and Dapsone in pharmaceutical gel formulation was developed and validated. A gradient elution was performed on an analytical column Phenomenex Kinetex C8 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 micron) kept at 30 °C. Chosen mobile phase for the analysis was acetonitrile: water at the pH (2.5) adjusted by orthophosphoric acid. The detection wavelength was selected as 237 nm. The linear relation for Dapsone and Adapalene was found in the range of 50–150 µg/mL and 1–3 µg/mL, respectively. The detection limit values for Dapsone and Adapalene were found to be 2.19 µg/mL and 0.10 µg/mL, respectively. While, the quantitation limit values were 6.64 µg/mL and 0.30 µg/mL, respectively, for Dapsone and Adapalene. For the precision studies % RSD values were found to be less than 2. The specificity of the method was verified by subjecting both the drugs to acid, alkali, oxidative, thermal degradation and photo stability studies. The developed method was validated by reaching satisfactory results for linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy, robustness and system suitability. The forced degradation studies concluded that, Dapsone was liable to degradation under all tested conditions except dry heat, whereas Adapalene was liable to degradation under all tested conditions except oxidation. Two well-resolved degradation products were generated by the oxidative degradation of Dapsone. Both the degradation products were isolated by preparative TLC and characterized by LC–MS. From the MS data probable structures of degradation products were proposed. From the above study it was suggested that Dapsone should be protected from oxidation during storage. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Chromatographia

Identification of Oxidative Degradation Products of Dapsone in Presence of Adapalene by RP-HPLC–MS

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which a person fails to produce adequate insulin or insulin reactions to cells, so that blood sugar levels are high in diabetes patients. Nanoparticles of small particle size have very significant effects against other types of dosage. Diabetes is treated with metal oxide-like nanoparticles such as zinc oxide, silver oxide, cerium oxide, magnesium oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, and gold nanoparticles. Different plants are used for the green synthesis of zinc, silver, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide, and golden nanoparticles. These analyses include separate in vitro and in vivo tests. The in vitro studies include nanoparticles characterization, antioxidant studies, anti-diabetic studies, and green synthesized nanoparticles phytochemical studies. In the in vivo trials, the animal research involves a range of test models, diabetes induction, experimental design, sample collection, and blood sample characterization by different testing methods. Studies in in vitro and in vivo reveal nanoparticles of metal oxide to be anti-diabetic. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

BioNanoScience

Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: a Novel Approach to Treat Diabetes Mellitus

Breast cancer has remained a serious health concern globally for women despite the healthcare advances which have enabled early diagnosis and treatment. Due to its metastatic ability and development of resistance to chemotherapies, triple-negative breast cancer is an extremely challenging subtype to treat. Targeted and optimized therapy is imperative as these tumors have higher recurrence rates than other types of breast cancers. This review is focused on the novel therapeutic strategies that have been proposed for the treatment of these aggressive cancers including alternative approaches like patient selection using biomarkers, metabolic reprogramming and development of smart drug delivery systems (SDDS) using targeted nanoparticles to treat the tumors as well as ensure prevention of recurrence. All of these approaches are aimed towards removing and treating the malignancies of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and optimizing the therapies according to the patient cohorts. Further research is, however, necessary for the designing of an effective therapeutic regimen for patient sub-groups suffering from TNBC. © 2023, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy. All rights reserved.

Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy

Novel Treatment Strategies for Triple-Negative Breast Cancers: A Comprehensive Review

A successful attempt has been made to develop and validate a stability-indicating high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of empagliflozin and metformin in pharmaceutical formulation. Excellent separation between drugs and degradation products was achieved by using toluene‒methanol‒ammonia‒glacial acetic acid (7.2:2.6:0.1:0.1, V/V) as the mobile phase and pre-coated silica gel GF254 plates as the stationary phase. Detection was done at 230 nm in absorbance mode. Retention factors (RF) were found to be 0.15 ± 0.02 and 0.48 ± 0.02 for metformin and empagliflozin, respectively. Pharmaceutical formulation was analyzed by the developed method and % drug contents were determined. The % drug contents were found to be 98.65 ± 1.61 and 99.54 ± 1.34% w/w for metformin and empagliflozin, respectively. The developed method was validated for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit and robustness according to the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The drugs were subjected to forced degradation under different conditions like hydrolysis (acid, base and neutral), oxidation, thermal and photo-degradation. Empagliflozin was found to be susceptible to acid and base hydrolysis as well as oxidative degradation. Metformin was found to be susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis under optimized forced degradation conditions. Degradation products generated were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization‒quadrupole-time of flight‒tandem mass spectrometry (LC‒ESI‒QTOF‒MS/MS) studies and structures of degradation products were proposed. From the stability studies, it was concluded that empagliflozin should be protected from acid, alkaline and oxidative stress to enhance stability. © 2022, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.

Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC

Inherent stability testing of empagliflozin in the presence of metformin HCl by HPTLC and characterization of degradation products of empagliflozin by LC–ESI–QTOF–MS/MS

Prior knowledge of chemical stability of drugs directs path for right selection of dosage form, excipients, storage conditions and packaging material. Literature survey revealed that, there are analytical methods reported for quantification and stability indication of Canagliflozin in bulk and formulation. But there is not much information available about the degradation products generated under different stability conditions. With this background, characterization of oxidative degradation product of Canagliflozin was successfully carried out by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) studies. Degradation product was generated by forced degradation, according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Degradation product was separated from Canagliflozin by validated reverse phase (RP)-HPLC method using C18 column and Acetonitrile: Water pH 3.0 adjusted with 0.1\% formic acid (70: 30, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1mL/min. The developed RP-HPLC method was validated for different parameters as per ICH guidelines. The method was found to be linear in a range of 25-225 mu g/mL. The developed method was found to be specific, accurate, precise, sensitive and robust. The marketed tablet formulation was analyzed by the developed method and the percent drug content was found to be 100.09 +/- 1.96 \% w/w. Separated degradation product was characterized by LC-MS/MS studies. From LC-MS/MS data probable structure of the degradation product was interpreted and the mechanism of degradation was proposed. The probable structure of degradation product was proposed as2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-(\{2-methyl5-{[}3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl )oxan-2-yl]phenyl\} methyl) thiophene-1-one. The mechanism of degradation was proposed by S-oxidation of thiophene ring to form thiophene oxide. This information will help synthetic chemists to design a synthesis scheme for the oxidative degradation product, which can be used as a reference standard for impurity profiling. It is also suggested to protect CN from oxidative conditions for improved stability.

ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACY

Characterization of Oxidative Degradation Product of Canagliflozin by LC-MS/MS

Lung cancer is expected to account for 11.4 % of the cancer burden in 2020, with an estimated 2.2 million new cases diagnosed and 1.8 million deaths occurring. Non-small-cell lung cancer accounted for approximately 85% of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases. In non-small cell lung cancer and tuberculosis level of vascular endothelial growth factor was found to be elevated, which induces angiogenesis. In this study molecular docking analysis along with pharmacokinetic/ADMET and drug likeness prediction were carried out to evaluate the newly designed indazole scaffolds as potent VEGFR and Enoyl-ACP (CoA) reductase enzyme inhibitors. Out of 11 screened compounds, two compounds having good scores (-7.72 and -7.54 kcal/mol) emerged as effective and potent VEGFR-2 inhibitors and three compounds showed highest binding affinities (-8.30, -7.76, -7.62 kcal/mol) with Enoyl-ACP. This study reveals that, newly designed indazole compounds could be the potential drug of choice against non-small cell lung cancer and tuberculosis. © 2022 Chemical Publishing Co.. All rights reserved.

Asian Journal of Chemistry

Molecular Docking Studies and in silico ADMET Screening of Indazole Scaffolds as VEGFR and Enoyl-ACP (CoA) Reductase Inhibitors

Fenugreek seeds and leaves are a rich source of nutritional content such as proteins, fibers, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, antioxidants, and essential oils. Therefore, fenugreek has a long history of culinary and medicinal use through various food preparations and recipes since ancient times. Many researchers have scientifically studied the nutritional, organoleptic, and physicochemical aspects of fenugreek-containing food preparations. The present chapter reviews the present evidence on fenugreek’s sensory, organoleptic, and nutritional properties in the natural form and after changes during cooking processes. The chapter reviews the reported studies of the addition of fenugreek seed or leaves, in powder or flour form in food preparations to enhance nutritional and sensory properties of bakery products, snacks, main courses, spices and pickle preparations, animal food, and functional food (food supplements). Besides, the present research studies on food preparations that use fenugreek to enhance stability and physicochemical properties (emulsifying agents, food stabilizers, preservatives, and texture enhancers) are included. The available evidence strongly suggests fenugreek-containing food preparations as an excellent medium to deliver many nutritional and medicinal benefits to humankind. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Dilip Ghosh and Prasad Thakurdesai, individual chapters, the contributors.