MIT-World Peace University (MIT-WPU) is a top educational institute located in Pune, India. It is recognized within&nbsp;UGC under Government of Maharashtra Act No. XXXV 2017.&nbsp;

It is part of the MIT group of institutions (established in 1983) which covers 10+ campuses across India and has more than 50,000+ students enrolled across various disciplines at a given point of time. The institute houses 15 schools ranging from Engineering &amp; Technology, Design, Pharmacy, Commerce, Governance among others. It offers undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD programs among different disciplines.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

MIT World Peace University

Authentication is a commonly used technique in software applications to ensure whether the correct user is getting access to secured services or not. Due to the fast pace of data growth, there is an increasing need for security of online data. This is commonly achieved by the use of various CAPTCHAs. CAPTCHAs are an implementation of reverse Turing test. Turing test is used to distinguish between humans and computers. A fundamental property that the use of CAPTCHA necessitates is that the CAPTCHA must be easy and efficient for humans but difficult for computers. CAPTCHAs are used to protect the data from malicious bots and web crawlers. They are not only used in web sites but also used in banking transactions, cloud computing, distributed infrastructures and income tax services. In this paper, an analysis of the different categories of CAPTCHAs, the attacks against them and ideas and designs to develop more robust and user-friendly CAPTCHAs in the coming future are presented. © 2021, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

World University root node

School of Mechanical Engineering

Engineering and Technology

School of Computer Engineering & Technology

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies

An Overview of Various Types of CAPTCHA

Due to the significant increase in the size of the internet and the number of users on this platform there has been a tremendous increase in load on various websites and web-based applications. This load is from the user end which causes unforeseen conditions which leads to unacceptable consequences such as crash or a data loss scenario at the webserver end. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the load on the server as well as the chances of network attacks that increase with the increased user base. The undue consequences such as data loss and server crash are caused due to two main reasons: The first one being an overload of users and the second due to an increased number of automatic programs or robots. A technique can be utilized to overcome this scenario by introducing a delay in the operation speed on the user end through the use of a CAPTCHA mechanism. Most of the classical approaches use a single method for the generation of the CAPTCHA, to overcome this proposed model uses the versatile image CAPTCHA generation mechanism. We have introduced a system that utilizes manualbased, face detection-based, colour based and random object insertion technique to generate 4 different random types of CAPTCHA. The proposed methodology implements a region of interest and convolutional neural networks to achieve the generation of the CAPTCHA effectively. © 2020 IEEE.

2020 IEEE 5th International Conference on Computing Communication and Automation, ICCCA 2020

Versatile CAPTCHA Generation Using Machine Learning and Image Processing

Opportunistic forwarding mechanism in delay tolerant networks (DTN) makes the network exposed to vulnerabilities. Providing security to existing routing protocols available for delay tolerant network becomes very difficult due to unavailability of sufficient contacts. It is necessary to design a secure routing protocol to overcome these issues. Energy is one of the crucial parameters in data forwarding and incentives should be offered to vehicular DTN nodes on the basis of energy spent for a particular message. This paper presents the secure routing mechanism which is based on the trust value of the vehicular DTN nodes. Incentive scheme is based on energy spent by the vehicular DTN node for forwarding data successfully. Routing is based on the trust value of the vehicular DTN nodes and incentive will be offered on successful delivery of the message. A source node offers the payment for successful delivery based on the time in which the message is delivered. The trust authority evaluates the credit and trust value for the participating vehicular DTN nodes based on energy and efforts put in successful delivery of the message.

Springer Journal of Computing

Energy Based Incentive Scheme for Secure Opportunistic Routing in Delay Tolerant Networks

Opportunistic forwarding mechanism in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN), are prone to get disconnected from the nodes in the network. These types of networks deal with intermittent connectivity, large delays.Existing routing protocols of DTNs fights with these issues, but fail to integrate the security available for delay tolerant networks,it is necessary to design a secure routing protocol to overcome these issues. There are centralized Trust Authority (TA) based security systems but the disconnection or failure of TA, affects the security model and network performance. It becomes crucial to have the distributed approach for security system and have multiple TAs working on security model. This reduces the possibility of poor network performance. The paper presents a distributed misbehavior detection system, and implements multiple TAs for implementing the security model for DTN.

Fulltext

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering

Distributed Misbehavior Detection System for Delay Tolerant Networks

Energy of nodes plays an important role in all kinds of networks whether it is wired network or wireless network, since most of the nodes are battery powered and it is not possible to recharge the battery whenever necessary. In most of the networks, the data cannot be sent completely when the connection is terminated from source to destination. Hence, the concept of delay-tolerant network (DTN) is introduced. In DTN, due to the mobility of nodes most of the nodes have sufficient amount of energy which is required for transferring of data. Energy is crucial issue in the concept of DTN, especially in disastrous like scenario, where recharging of battery becomes difficult. The proper use of energy for data transmission increases nodes lifetime and network lifetime situation. In this paper, some of the energy-saving techniques are explained to reduce the energy consumption of the node and also increase the packet delivery ratio. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Social energy-based techniques in delay-tolerant network

Tiredness, and sleeping of the drivers while driving is one of the main causes of traffic accidents. Observations of the drivers to detect tiredness and fatigue is a complex task which includes behavioral and physical elements. Different approaches were made, including computer vision with the ability to track and monitor the drivers behind the wheel without the intervention in the driving. The proposed system can observe the alertness or tiredness of drivers in order to prevent them from sleeping while driving. In this work, a framework is developed to detect the fatigue-ness from tracking the cornea of eyes by focusing on the face of the driver. It utilizes applying image morphological changes like dilution, erosion, image segmentation like background elimination and Circular Hough Transform (CHT) to detect cornea of an eye on the captured images on drivers. Whenever the fatigue is recognized it will buzz an alarm at the system and necessary actions can be taken. It additionally decreases incorrect outcomes of by disposing of low-quality faces that happened to a video sequence because of issues in sensible lighting, head movement, and posture variety. © 2017 IEEE.

2017 International Conference on Computing, Communication, Control and Automation, ICCUBEA 2017

Fatigue Detection System for the Drivers Using Video Analysis of Facial Expressions

Energy plays very important role in any kind of network. As most of routing protocols and strategies are designed by considering the well-connected network but because of the mobility of nodes these routing protocols do not work effectively. For such kind of intermittent connectivity, Delay Tolerant Network is used. Amongst all the mobile nodes, many have a very limited amount of energy and to perform any kind of operation energy is required. So, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of energy. The effective and efficient use of energy increases the lifetime of node and network. Hence, there are some approaches which proposed different schemes to reduce the energy consumption of node and also increase the delivery probability. By using different aspects of the conservation of energy the energy efficiency has been increased. Amongst them, few recent approaches are explained in this papers which consider the energy prominently. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018.

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems

Energy based recent trends in delay tolerant networks

Hadoop MapReduce has been proved to be an efficient model for distributed data processing. This model is widely used by different service providers, which create a challenge of maintaining same efficiency and performance level in different systems. One of the most critical problems for this model is how to overcome heterogeneity and scalability in different systems. The decreases of performance in heterogeneous environment occur due to inefficient scheduling of Map and Reduce tasks. Another important problem is how to minimize master node overhead and network traffic created by scheduling algorithm. In this paper, we introduce a lightweight adaptive scheduler in which we provide the classifier with information about jobs requirement and node capabilities. The scheduler classifies jobs into executable and nonexecutable according to the nodes capabilities. Then the scheduler assigns the tasks to appropriate nodes in the cluster to get highest performance. © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017.

An adaptive Mapreduce scheduler for scalable heterogeneous systems

Delay Tolerant Networks is an emerging technique which supports for the intermittent connectivity. Previously, for transmission of bundles the end-To-end connection was required to carry out the transmission successfully. But now, using the store-carry-forward mechanism and the node mobility it is possible to transmit the data from the source to the destination even if there is no end to end connection between them. There are different routing strategies which are formed in a DTN environment to reduce the message overhead and for increasing the message delivery probability, but very few take the energy into a consideration while designing. DTN nodes have a very limited amount of energy resources which holds a great significance. To perform any kind of operation between various nodes, i.e. sending bundle, searching for the neighbor node, storing bundle, etc the energy is used. Hence, in this paper, we proposed a new energy efficient algorithm to improve the energy efficiency. This algorithm forwards the packet to the nearest neighbor node which also uses the probability distribution function to forward the bundle to the next best hop which requires the least energy for the transmission. It also narrows down the specific region for the transmission of data by using the angle based transmission. The freshly energized node is redeployed in the network. With the help of Opportunistic Network Simulator results, it is proven that the designed algorithm is more energy efficient than the previous distance based algorithm. © 2017 IEEE.

2017 2nd International Conference for Convergence in Technology, I2CT 2017

Implementation of energy efficient algorithm in delay tolerant networks

In real life scenario, facial expressions and emotions are nothing but responses to the external and internal events of human being. In human computer interaction, recognition of end user's expressions and emotions from the video streaming plays very important role. In such systems it is required to track the dynamic changes in human face movements quickly in order to deliver the required response system. The one real time application is physical fatigue detection based on facial detection and expressions such as driver fatigue detection in order to prevent the accidents on road. Face expression based physical fatigue analysis or detection is out of scope of this paper, but this paper reveal study on different methods those are presented recently for facial expression and/or emotions recognition using video. This paper presenting the methodologies in terms of feature extraction and classification used in facial expression and/or emotion recognition methods with their comparative study. The comparative study is done based on accuracy, implementation tool, advantages and disadvantages. The outcome of this paper is the current research gap and research challenges those are still open to solve for video based facial detection and recognition systems. The survey on recent methods is appropriately presented throughout this paper by considering future research works. © 2017 IEEE.

Proceedings of the International Conference on IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud, I-SMAC 2017

Study of video based facial expression and emotions recognition methods

There are several approaches to reduce the energy consumption. Among them, one approach which allows for reducing the transmission energy consumption is Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs). Several techniques are adopted to optimize the energy efficiency. Adjusting the resource allocation and decreasing the equipment usages are the basic two categories, which are used to reduce the energy consumption. With the increasing data transmission rate the energy consumption increases, which result in the diminishing of its efficiency. So, it is a necessity to manage the trade-off between energy and performance in Delay Tolerant Networks. The DTN nodes commonly operate on low-power battery resource; hence, there is need of improving the energy efficiency by using appropriate technique to increase the lifetime of the node and also to increase the probability of delivering the bundle. For that purpose, this paper describes the various techniques to achieve energy efficiency in Delay Tolerant Networks. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017.

A Survey on Energy-Efficient Techniques to Reduce Energy Consumption in Delay Tolerant Networks

As the feature of delay tolerant networks (DTNs) is open, and intermittent, any node can participate in this type of network. Trusting a DTN node becomes a critical task for the routing algorithms. For the past few years, security techniques have evolved and a lot of research has been carried out in this area. Among these security techniques, trust-based, reputation-based systems, and incentive-based security schemes are discussed in this paper. These techniques are useful to detect selfish DTN nodes and noncooperative DTN nodes. These schemes for DTN nodes are the most common methods to detect malicious, selfish DTN nodes. © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017.

Analyzing security schemes in delay tolerant networks

Vehicular Delay tolerant network (DTN) is mainly characterized by intermittent connectivity, long and variable delay, asymmetric data rates and high error rates. Nodes are operated by using store-carry-and-forward mechanism to forward the packets. DTN nodes are mobile in nature and they have limited time to hold a packet to forward it to the other nodes. Therefore, after specified amount of time bundle dropping event happens. Velocity and bundle holding time are the two major parameters which cause bundle dropping. In this paper, we studied and analyze the impact of velocity and bundle holding time on the bundle dropping event. More the velocity of a DTN node and the bundle holding time, more the probability a DTN node can contact with other DTN nodes which increases the bundle delivery. © 2015 IEEE.