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Vishnugad-Pipalkoti HE Project(444MW) is under construction on Ala-knanda River in Distt Chamoli, in the state of Uttarakhand. This Project will generate 444 MW Power by installing four turbines of 111MW each. The central feature of this project is its 13.5Km long headrace tunnel with an 8.8 m finished diameter. Out of its 13.5 km length,12.3 km is to be bored by using a double-shield TBM of 9.86 m diameter and the remaining 1.2 km to be bored with the help of DBM. The present authors want to highlight the issues and challenges faced during transportation and installation of the TBM and the universal geological surprises faced by the working team after starting the boring and the remedial measures adopted, therefore. The paper also discusses the analysis and design of the large-sized adit bored in the extremely poor rock conditions and the innovative measures undertaken for its construction. © 2023 The Author(s).

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Expanding Underground - Knowledge and Passion to Make a Positive Impact on the World- Proceedings of the ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress, WTC 2023

Construction of headrace tunnel of Vishnugad-Pipalkoti HE Project (444MW) in extreme geological conditions: Issues and challenges-A case study

23 Majority of hydropower projects in India are in Himalayas which has fragile geology being young mountain. Recent rapid land subsidence in Joshimath has underlined the need of monitoring and controlling the surface settlements in the influence zones of hydropower tunnels projects. In case of shallow overburden surface settlements will have greater impact. Design and construction of underground cavern in hydropower projects or crossover in metro tunnels involves fixing the size, layout and orientation of cavern or crossover, design of rock support, blasting pattern, excavation sequence, rock support, instrumentation etc. This paper discusses the challenges encountered during design & construction phases of shallow depth crossover NATM tunnel at Civil Court Station in Pune Metro project. It illustrates the way the problems of surface settlements due to tunnelling, heavy ground water ingress and natural big cavities partly filled with zeolites were handled successfully. The metro tunnels are designed and constructed at shallow depths for the convenience of the passengers. However, the construction of these shallow tunnels may lead to excessive settlement of the buildings and subsequent damages. Hence, the selection of alignment of tunnel and tunneling method in urban projects is crucial for the success of the underground metro project. The methodology adopted for construction crossover to control the surface settlements and heavy water ingress may be useful for construction powerhouse caverns. © 2023, Central Board of Irrigation and Power. All rights reserved.

Water and Energy International

1Design and Construction of Scissor Crossover Tunnel in Pune Metro Project

The use of steel fiber in the recent past has offered distinct advantages over conventional reinforcement and its acceptance in the design of segmental lining of TBM tunnels has increased manifold. It has emerged as an alternative to traditional reinforcing bars for precast concrete tunnel segments. This paper presents an assessment of the technical viability of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) in tunnel segmental linings in the recent past and its current practice in India. The paper discusses the typical information about the SFRC, its advantages, available specific guidelines, general design concept, description of material parameters, tests, and analyses required for the segmental lining design. An analysis of historical information about tunnels built with SFRC shows the typical geometry and reinforcement strategy used in the tunnel design. The paper also presents an assessment of the design approach adopted in one of the ongoing projects in India and discusses the outcome of the results. © 2023, Central Board of Irrigation and Power. All rights reserved.

Technical Viability Assessment of SFRC Lining Design in India

This study’s intention is to investigate the seismic effects on the cantilever balcony (slab) of fifteen-storied (G + 14) rectangular and C-shaped buildings through time-history analysis (THA). For this purpose, to match the target ground motion, considering soft soil and oblique-slip parameters, six-time history functions are used. The buildings are separately modeled with cantilever balconies along the longer edges comprising three types of cases that are balconies on all floors, on even floors and on odd floors. The seismic zone for the specified buildings is taken as Zone V as per the Indian Standard. The buildings under consideration are analyzed with time-history analysis (THA) using ETABS, and the results are evaluated and discussed, focusing primarily on the deflection of the balcony for each type to define the most effectual size of the cantilever balcony for each set of configurations, and the optimum sizes of the cantilever balcony are recommended. The recommended optimum sizes of cantilever balcony help in providing a safe balcony on the respective floor in each case under consideration of the two case-study buildings. © 2023, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions

Seismic effect on cantilever slab of rectangular and C-shaped buildings using time-history analysis

Steel fiber reinforce-concrete (SFRC) is gaining popularity in the construction industry due to its good post-cracking behavior and numerous benefits for strength and sustainability. SFRC is used for various applications, such as tunnel lining segments, cast-in-lining, and sprayed concrete. Accurately determining and utilizing characteristic values is essential for achieving the best material qualities for structural designs employing fiber reinforced concrete. This article proposes a technique for determining the residual strengths of SFRC for 4D and 5D steel fibers with different concrete grades and fiber fractions. The technique defines characteristic values for FRC and provides a detailed methodology to aid FRC contractors and designers. The experimental residual strengths were taken from experimentally notched beams that underwent three-point bending tests, revealing softening and hardening behaviors in the load-cracking ratio curve of the crack. The concrete matrix consisted of hook-end steel fiber. Concrete, steel, and aluminium together account for 23% of all worldwide emissions. Steel fibers for concrete reinforcement are inherently more sustainable than traditional solutions like rebar and meshes, leading to significant CO2 savings up to 35%. Through advanced steel fiber design optimization, thinner but equally durable concrete slabs can be designed with significantly less concrete, steel, and water than conventional reinforcement solutions. By adding high performance 4D and 5D steel fibers, further design optimization can be achieved. Using steel fibers as a reinforcement solution can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of traditionally reinforced concrete, with steel accounting for nearly 19% of emissions share in 1 cubic metre of concrete. Additionally, using steel fibers reduces the amount of concrete required, further dampening the carbon footprint. Overall, this article provides valuable insights into the benefits and characteristics of SFRC and proposes a technique for determining its residual strengths. This information can aid FRC contractors and designers in achieving the best material qualities for their structural designs while also contributing to a more sustainable construction industry. © 2023, Central Board of Irrigation and Power. All rights reserved.

Determining the Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Using 4D and 5D Fiber: A Study on Different Concrete Grades and Fiber Concentrations

The focus of this Paper is on utilizing cutting-edge technologies and techniques to gather comprehensive data, even in challenging environments. The goal is to achieve accurate and reliable measurements in any ground condition, whether it is soft soil, hard rock, or anywhere in between. A good instrumentation program has the potential to change the way we approach subsurface engineering, making it possible to tackle even the most complex geotechnical challenges with confidence. To start with, the Paper dwells upon the basic purpose of instrumentation and the essential attributes of a good instrumentation system. It explains functionalities of the diverse type of instruments deployed in tunnelling. The designers of the instrumentation program may find the discussion quite useful. Elements of a foolproof instrumentation program have been discussed in detail. The Paper highlights the most crucial but commonly ignored aspect of data analysis and interpretation. What is the use of instrumentation if their data is not utilized? The instrumentation program must be able to analyze the data through an on-line Software and present the results in a form that can enable easy interpretation of the results. Instead of long data tables, the instrumentation results must be presented in graphical form. Today’s IT technology has made it possible, as brought out in this Paper. With this perspective, the way instrumentation is looked upon today needs to be changed. Clearly, there is a need to accord instrumentation the attention that it deserves. Finally, typical instrumentation systems have been presented for varying rock conditions. However, it must also be appreciated that in tunnelling we are dealing with naturally occurring unpredictable ground conditions. Howsoever hard one may try; it will not be possible to standardize instrument schemes for different rock conditions. Instrumentation design has to be an evolving process and will need to be updated depending upon the data received from the instruments as the actual results might reveal unpredicted rock behavior. © 2023, Central Board of Irrigation and Power. All rights reserved.

Optimized Instrumentation Programs for Tunnels in Different Ground Conditions

To research the issues and challenges in construction of hydro tunnel in extreme geological condition in India an attempt has been made to discuss various geotechnical problems encountered during tunnelling in Vishnugad-Pipalkoti HE Project (444MW) which is under construction on Alaknanda River in Distt Chamoli, in the state of Uttarakhand. This Project will generate 444 MW Power by installing four turbines of 111 MW each. The central feature of this project is its 13.5Km long head –race-tunnel with an 8.8m finished diameter. Out of its 13.5 km length,12.3km is to be bored by using a 9.86-meter-diameter double-shield TBM and the remaining 1.2km to be bored with the help of DBM. The present study is to highlight the issues and challenges faced during transportation and installation of the TBM and the universal geological surprises faced by the working team after starting the boring and the remedial measures adopted, therefore. The report also covers the design and analysis of a large-scale adit that was dug in incredibly bad rock conditions, as well as the creative approaches used to build it. © 2023, Central Board of Irrigation and Power. All rights reserved.

Issues and Challenges in Construction of Hydro Tunnel in Extreme Geological Conditions in India – An Empirical Study

Many complexities can be observed in the construction of tunnels for Pune metro (the second-largest city in the state of Maharashtra, India). It inherently involves many risky activities like excavation and lining, transportation of material, scaling and mucking, ventilation, cutter head intervention of tunnel boring machine (TBM) in compressed as well as in open mode, handling of tunnel machinery, working in narrow space, overloading of the crane, temporary segment dismantling, etc. Although tunneling for metro rail is risky, the risk involved is more in the longer tunnels. To save valuable resources and winning the trust of the client, risk assessment for each activity during tunnel construction is crucial. The expository literature review indicates that very few studies are available on risk assessment of each activity of tunnel construction in India using TBM. This study presents a case study on risk assessment of underground construction for the Pune metro. The work provides an insight into risk which occurs during the construction and describes general consideration for the uncertainties during execution. The paper provides the qualification and quantification for the risks in metro tunnel using risk matrix and expected monitory value (EMV) analysis. The risk matrix is the most effective tool for risk assessment and qualitative risk analysis. And EMV is succeeded using recommendations accessible in the literature of domain of risk management. Though it is a straightforward method, it is a productive application for the quantification to accomplish the goals of the metro tunnel project in terms of controlling the time delay and cost overrun as well. After the qualification of the risk process, quantitative assessment can be done for the further elected majors to choose the suitable reaction schemes. To manage the risk-associated cases efficiently. TBM data has been taken into account for risk assessment. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Risk Assessment of Pune Metro Underground Construction Using Risk Matrix and Expected Monitory Value

Scarce resources in a developing country like India calls for the optimal use of the road infrastructure using scientific pavement management tools. In the process of finding ways for modifying the traditional methods of making bituminous roads, the use of waste plastic as a substitute to a certain percentage of bitumen is a promising alternative. Gradual deterioration of road infrastructure is a major concern. A vast amount of condition assessment data must be collected to identify the major defects and their causes, to plan for an optimum maintenance alternative. This study evaluates the deterioration rates of waste plastic modified bituminous roads (also called plastic roads) as compared to normal bituminous roads in the metro city of Pune, India. Measurement of deterioration is done with field tests and distress surveys. Ranking of distress parameters was done using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) where the relative importance (on Saaty’s scale) assigned to each parameter in the hierarchy was given by the experts (transportation professionals). AHP was implemented using the MATLAB package. The study reveals that the deterioration rate for plastic roads is slower as compared to conventional bituminous roads.

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Case Studies in Construction Materials

Performance comparison of waste plastic modified versus conventional bituminous roads in Pune city: A case study

This work has focused on investigating the comparative performance of the conventional type of offshore jacket substructure and a modified twisted-tripod jacket type (MTJ) under static and dynamic loading environment. Conventional four-legged and four number of MTJ structures, with a finite number of leg twisting angles from 0° to 90°, for supporting 5 MW NREL wind turbine were analysed for a selected site. In order to compare performance under dynamic loading, the dimensions of the structures were designed iteratively using static stress analysis to ensure that all structures had a similar level of load-carrying capability. Static analyses were performed using SACS v8 and models were imported to SAP-2000 for dynamic response spectrum analyses. The results obtained here reveal that, in addition to savings in material costs, the modified twisted-tripod jacket performs more efficiently than conventional four-legged jackets. This study has established a framework of procedure for simplified analysis of wind turbine jackets under dynamic loading environment. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.

Techno-Societal 2018 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Societal Applications

Structural performance assessment of offshore wind turbine jackets-a comparative study under dynamic loading environment

India owns second largest road network in the world, being so prominent asset indicates the prerequisite for preserving it. The paper is a step towards an effort to do the same. It provides a way to analyse the outstanding factors which are more headed for affecting the pavement performance. Knowing such factors may help one to work in a way to improve the pavement performance with an eye on that influencing factor. Along with it, the work has taken an initiative by carrying prediction and maintenance modelling as an enhanced way of pavement management and preservation.